What Is Well-being?

Well-being, wellbeing, or wellness is the condition of an individual or group. A high level of well-being means that in some sense the individual’s or group’s condition is positive. According to Naci and Ioannidis,

“Wellness refers to diverse and interconnected dimensions of physical, mental, and social well-being that extend beyond the traditional definition of health. It includes choices and activities aimed at achieving physical vitality, mental alacrity, social satisfaction, a sense of accomplishment, and personal fulfillment”.

Philosophical approaches

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) entry for “well-being” identifies ways in which terms related to happiness differ. According to the SEP, the terms “happy”, “wellness”, “satisfaction”, “pleasure” or “well-being” can refer to a series of possible states:

  • reflection on past events
  • moment-to-moment evaluations of happiness
  • by oneself, or with another person
  • inferred from neuroimaging
  • inferred from sensory input (pain, pleasure)
  • inferred from cognitive structure (dysfunctional thinking, delusion)
  • inferred from virtue (is prayer inherently instrumental to well-being?)
  • duration of the experience
  • effect on other factors (e.g., personal agency, power)
  • repetitiveness (is pleasure derived from addiction incompatible with happiness?)
  • objectivity (is “healthy eating” or “sex” always pleasurable?)
  • whether the experience is altruistic or egoistic,
  • whether happiness reflects an emotional state (affect-based account)
  • whether happiness reflects a cognitive judgement (life satisfaction account)

The affective and life-satisfaction views of happiness differ meaningfully when it comes to certain topics such as the relationship between income and happiness:

Surveying large numbers of Americans in one case, and what is claimed to be the first globally representative sample of humanity in the other, these studies found that income does indeed correlate substantially (.44 in the global sample), at all levels, with life satisfaction—strictly speaking, a “life evaluation” measure that asks respondents to rate their lives without saying whether they are satisfied. Yet the correlation of household income with the affect measures is far weaker: globally, .17 for positive affect, –.09 for negative affect; and in the United States, essentially zero above $75,000 (though quite strong at low income levels). If the results hold up, the upshot appears to be that income is pretty strongly related to life satisfaction, but weakly related to emotional well-being, at least above a certain threshold.

There are weaknesses to the self-report method of elicitation for happiness: The lay conception of emotions (affect) is that they are discrete. It is typical, in everyday language, just as in research, to use research protocols that accept answers such as: “I am happy or I am sad, but not both simultaneously”, or “I am 7 on a 1-10 scale of happiness (likert)”.

Children appearing to experience well-being after an art class.

Scientific approaches

Three subdisciplines in psychology are critical for the study of psychological well-being:

  1. Developmental psychology, in which psychological well-being may be analyzed in terms of a pattern of growth across the lifespan.
  2. Personality psychology, in which it is possible to apply Maslow’s concept of self-actualization, Rogers’ concept of the fully functioning person, Jung’s concept of individuation, and Allport’s concept of maturity to account for psychological well-being.
  3. Clinical psychology, in which it may be asserted that the absence of mental illness constitutes psychological well-being.

There are two approaches typically taken to understand psychological well-being:

  1. Distinguishing positive and negative effects, and defining optimal psychological well-being and happiness as a balance between the two.
  2. Emphasizes life satisfaction as the key indicator of psychological well-being.

According to Guttman and Levy (1982) well-being is “…a special case of attitude”. This approach serves two purposes in the study of well-being: “developing and testing a [systematic] theory for the structure of [interrelationships] among varieties of well-being, and integration of well-being theory with the ongoing cumulative theory development in the fields of attitude of related research”.

Models and components of wellbeing

See also: Well-being contributing factors

Many different models have been developed.

Diener: tripartite model of subjective well-being

Main article: Tripartite model of subjective well-being

Diener’s tripartite model of subjective well-being is one of the most comprehensive models of well-being in psychology. It was synthesized by Diener in 1984, positing “three distinct but often related components of wellbeing: frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and cognitive evaluations such as life satisfaction”.

Cognitive, affective and contextual factors contribute to subjective well-being. According to Diener and Suh, subjective well-being is “…based on the idea that how each person thinks and feels about his or her life is important”.

Six-factor Model of Psychological Well-being

Main article: Six-factor Model of Psychological Well-being

Carol Ryff’s multidimensional model of psychological well-being postulated six factors which are key for well-being:

  1. Self-acceptance
  2. Personal growth
  3. Purpose in life
  4. Environmental mastery
  5. Autonomy
  6. Positive relations with others

Holistic model (overview)

Wellness Health Harmony Recreation Feel Good

Wellness

Wellness is an approach to personal health that emphasizes individual responsibilities for well-being through the practice of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors. Wellness is a pursuit of overall health in a physical and mental matter. It is a multidimensional state of well-being. Achieving wellness is a state of acceptance and satisfaction with our present condition. It is, in many times, referred to in a broader context than health, which many times only means physical health. Wellness is broken down into six dimension of wellness, called the Holistic Model. The Holistic model is what is used to achieve well-being. The Holistic Model encompasses the physiological, mental, emotional, social, spiritual, and occupational aspects of individuals. The six dimensions include emotional wellness, intellectual wellness, spiritual wellness, occupational wellness, social wellness, physical wellness.

The Holistic view of health encompasses the idea of positive wellness and promotes a happy life. The first dimension of wellness on the Holistic model is emotional wellness. Emotional wellness includes understanding your emotions. It is for coping with you emotions, events, and problems that arise in your everyday life. The next dimension of wellness is intellectual wellness. This dimension has to do with having an open mind to new ideas, concepts, and ways of thinking. It also has to do with willing and being able to learn and make educated decisions. This is also connected to decision making and doing what is the right thing to do. Spiritual wellness is the next dimension and is for seeking meaning and purpose in human existence. It is for owning moral and ethical beliefs and acting accordingly. Spiritual wellness is also acknowledging that struggles in life are normal; and life is full of ups and downs. Some examples to achieve spiritual wellness include yoga, prayer, or meditation. The fourth dimension of wellness is occupational wellness. This is the ability to enjoy your career and feel safe with what you are doing. It also is a way to help and contribute to society. Next, is social wellness. Social wellness is the ability to perform social roles effectively and comfortably; and also interacting with others in a respectable manner. Physical wellness is the last aspect on the holistic model. Physical wellness is having a healthy body that is maintained by proper nutrition, physical activity habits, making responsible decisions, and responding appropriately to physical stressors.

When it comes to a person’s wellness, there are signs to show it. Some signs of good well being include persistent presence of a support system, a tendency to adapt to changing conditions, rapid response and recovery from stress, and an increased appetite for physical activity. These are all great signs of wellness. On the contrary, there can also be sign of someone who does not have good wellness. One sign is headaches. Headaches can be a result of emotional distress. Emotional stress increases muscle tension in the neck and increased blood pressure in the head, causing the headache. The holistic approach aims to find the cause of anger, fear, and frustration, and try to reduce or eliminate them. An upset stomach can also be caused by emotional distress. Rather than treating the physical symptoms, the holistic model is a way to determine psychological causes of symptoms. Holistic health and well-being is an ongoing process. It is very dynamic and with one dimension of wellness lacking, it can lead for other areas of wellness to lack as well . The six dimensions in the Holistic model emphasize the unity of mind, emotions, interactions, spirit and body. No dimension of wellness can function in isolation because they all affect one another. Overall, the main goals of the Holistic model is to obtain a positive well-being. The broader picture in all is to increase your life span , reduce health disparities, and altogether live a long, happy, and healthy life!

Corey Keyes: flourishing

Main article: Flourishing

Flourishing is “a state where people experience positive emotions, positive psychological functioning and positive social functioning, most of the time,” living “within an optimal range of human functioning.” It is a descriptor and measure of positive mental health and overall life well-being, and includes multiple components and concepts, such as cultivating strengths, subjective well-being, “goodness, generativity, growth, and resilience.” Flourishing is the opposite of both pathology and languishing, which are described as living a life that feels hollow and empty. It is a central concept in positive psychology, developed by Corey Keyes and Barbara Fredrickson

According to Corey Keyes, who collaborated with Carol Ryff, mental well-being has three components, namely emotional or subjective well-being (also called hedonic well-being), psychological well-being, and social well-being (together also called eudaimonic well-being). Emotional well-being concerns subjective aspects of well-being, in concreto, feeling well, whereas psychological and social well-being concerns skills, abilities, and psychological and social functioning.

Keyes model of mental well-being has received extensive empirical support across cultures.

Seligman: positive psychology

Main article: Positive psychology

Well-being is a central concept in positive psychology. Positive psychology is concerned with eudaimonia, “the good life“, reflection about what holds the greatest value in life – the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. While not attempting a strict definition of the good life, positive psychologists agree that one must live a happy, engaged, and meaningful life in order to experience “the good life”. Martin Seligman referred to “the good life” as “using your signature strengths every day to produce authentic happiness and abundant gratification”.

PERMA-theory

Simple exercise, such as running, is cited as key to feeling happy.

In Flourish (2011) Seligman argued that “meaningful life” can be considered as 3 different categories. The resulting acronym is PERMA: Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and purpose, and Accomplishments. It is a mnemonic for the five elements of Martin Seligman’s well-being theory:

  • Positive emotions include a wide range of feelings, not just happiness and joy. Included are emotions like excitement, satisfaction, pride and awe, amongst others. These emotions are frequently seen as connected to positive outcomes, such as longer life and healthier social relationships.
  • Engagement refers to involvement in activities that draws and builds upon one’s interests. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi explains true engagement as flow, a feeling of intensity that leads to a sense of ecstasy and clarity. The task being done needs to call upon higher skill and be a bit difficult and challenging yet still possible. Engagement involves passion for and concentration on the task at hand and is assessed subjectively as to whether the person engaged was completely absorbed, losing self-consciousness.
  • Relationships are all important in fueling positive emotions, whether they are work-related, familial, romantic, or platonic. As Dr. Christopher Peterson puts it simply, “Other people matter.” Humans receive, share, and spread positivity to others through relationships. They are important not only in bad times, but good times as well. In fact, relationships can be strengthened by reacting to one another positively. It is typical that most positive things take place in the presence of other people.
  • Meaning is also known as purpose, and prompts the question of “why”. Discovering and figuring out a clear “why” puts everything into context from work to relationships to other parts of life. Finding meaning is learning that there is something greater than one’s self. Despite potential challenges, working with meaning drives people to continue striving for a desirable goal.
  • Accomplishments are the pursuit of success and mastery. Unlike the other parts of PERMA, they are sometimes pursued even when accomplishments do not result in positive emotions, meaning, or relationships. That being noted, accomplishments can activate the other elements of PERMA, such as pride, under positive emotion. Accomplishments can be individual or community-based, fun- or work-based.

UK Office for National Statistics (ONS) definition

The UK ONS defines wellbeing “as having 10 broad dimensions which have been shown to matter most to people in the UK as identified through a national debate. The dimensions are:

  • the natural environment,
  • personal well-being,
  • our relationships,
  • health,
  • what we do,
  • where we live,
  • personal finance,
  • the economy,
  • education and skills, and
  • governance.

Personal wellbeing is a particularly important dimension which we define as how satisfied we are with our lives, our sense that what we do in life is worthwhile, our day to day emotional experiences (happiness and anxiety) and our wider mental wellbeing.

The ONS then introduced four questions pertaining to wellbeing in their 2011 national survey of the UK population, relating to evaluative well-being, eudemonic well-being, and positive and negative affect. They later switched to referring to the construct being measured as “personal well-being”.

Nagel: Experience itself as a good

Thomas Nagel has said that

There are elements which, if added to one’s experience, make life better; there are other elements which if added to one’s experience, make life worse. But what remains when these are set aside is not merely neutral: it is emphatically positive.

Mixed emotions help wellbeing

A 2012 study found that wellbeing was higher for people who experienced both positive and negative emotions.

Global studies

Eudaimonic well-being in 166 nations based on Gallup World Poll data

Research on positive psychology, well-being, eudaimonia and happiness, and the theories of Diener, Ryff, Keyes and Seligmann covers a broad range of levels and topics, including “the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life”. The World Happiness Report series provide annual updates on the global status of subjective well-being. A global study using data from 166 nations, provided a country ranking of psycho-social well-being. The latter study showed that subjective well-being and psycho-social well-being (i.e. eudaimonia) measures capture distinct constructs and are both needed for a comprehensive understanding of mental well-being.

Wellbeing as a political goal

Both the UK and New Zealand have begun to focus on population wellbeing within their political aims.

Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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