“Windows To Spirituality”
Taoism Taoism or Daoism is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (道; Dào; literally: “the Way”, also romanized as Dao). The Tao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern, and substance...
Criticism Of Muhammad Criticism of Muhammad has existed since the 7th century, when Muhammad was decried by his non-Muslim Arab contemporaries for preaching monotheism, and by the Jewish tribes of Arabia for his unwarranted appropriation of Biblical narratives and figures, vituperation of the Jewish faith, and proclaiming himself as “the last prophet” without performing any miracle nor showing any personal requirement demanded in the Hebrew Bible to...
Judaism’s Views On Muhammad This article covers Judaism’s Views on Muhammad. Very few texts in Judaism refer to or take note of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Those that do, generally reject Muhammad’s proclamation of receiving divine revelations from God and label him instead as a false prophet. Background In Judaism,...
Medieval Christian Views On Muhammad This article covers the Medieval Christian Views on Muhammad. During the Early Middle Ages, Christendom largely viewed Islam as a Christological heresy and Muhammad as a false prophet. By the Late Middle Ages, Islam was more typically grouped with heathenism, and Muhammad was viewed as...
Depictions Of Muhammad The permissibility of depictions of Muhammad in Islam has been a contentious issue. Oral and written descriptions of Muhammad are readily accepted by all traditions of Islam, but there is disagreement about visual depictions. The Quran does not explicitly forbid images of Muhammad, but there are a few hadith (supplemental teachings) which have explicitly prohibited Muslims...
Muhammad In Islam Muslims often refer to Muhammad as Prophet Muhammad, or just The Prophet or The Messenger, and regard him as the greatest of all Prophets. He is seen by the Muslims as a possessor of all virtues. As an act of respect, most Muslims follow the name of Muhammad by the Arabic benediction sallallahu ‘alayhi wa...
Possessions Of Muhammad Possessions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad are known with unique names. Traditionally, Islam has had a rich history of the veneration of relics, especially of those attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Weapons Swords Muhammad had nine swords. He got 2 through inheritance, 3 as booty, and some from being given...
Muhammad’s Wives Muhammad’s wives, or the wives of Muhammad, were the women married to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Muslims use the term Umm al-Mu’minin (أم ٱلْمُؤْمِنِين; meaning ‘Mother of the Believers’) prominently before or after referring to them as a sign of respect, a term derived from Quran 33:6. “The Prophet is closer to...
Early Social Changes Under Islam Many social changes took place under Islam between 610 and 661, including the period of Muhammad’s mission and the rule of his four immediate successors who established the Rashidun Caliphate. A number of historians stated that changes in areas such as social security, family structure, slavery, and the rights of women improved...
Early Muslim Conquests The early Muslim conquests (الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Arab conquests and early Islamic conquests began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. He established a new unified polity in the Arabian Peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century...
Rashidun The Rashidun Caliphs (Rightly Guided Caliphs; الخلفاء الراشدون al-Khulafāʾu ar-Rāshidūn), often simply called, collectively, “the Rashidun“, is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the 30-year reign of the first four caliphs (successors) following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammadﷺ, namely: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali of the Rashidun Caliphate, the first caliphate. The concept of “Rightly...
Succession To Muhammad The succession to Muhammad is the central issue that split the Muslim community into several divisions in the first century of Islamic history, with the most prominent among these sects being the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam. Sunni Islam maintains that Abu Bakr was the legitimate successor to Muhammad on the basis of election. Shia Islam holds that Ali ibn Abi...
Farewell Pilgrimage The Farewell Pilgrimage (حجة الوداع) was the last and only Hajj pilgrimage Muhammad, The Prophet of Islam, participated in 632 CE (10 AH). The Muslims observed every move, act, and gesture of Muhammad on this occasion, and everything that he did became a precedent to be followed by Muslims all over the...
The Event Of Ghadir Khumm The event of Ghadir Khumm (واقعه غدیر خم) is an event that took place in March 632. While returning from the Hajj pilgrimage, the Islamic prophet Muhammad gathered all the Muslims who were with him and gave a long sermon. In the sermon, Muhammad announced...
Expedition To Tabuk The Expedition to Tabuk, also known as the Expedition of Usra, was a military expedition, which, was initiated by Muhammad in October, AD 630, AH 8. Muhammad led a force of as many as 30,000 north to Tabuk in present-day northwestern Saudi Arabia. A well-known town about 800 kilometers north of Madinah to which...
Battle Of Hunayn The Battle of Hunayn (غَـزوة حُـنـيـن, Ghazwat Hunayn) was fought by the Islamic Prophet Muhammad and his followers against the Bedouin tribe of Hawazin and its subsection the Thaqif, in 630 CE, in the Hunayn valley, on the route from Mecca to At-Ta’if. The battle ultimately ended in a decisive victory for the Muslims, who captured enormous spoils. It...
Muhammad After The Conquest Of Mecca The period of Muhammad after the conquest of Mecca started with the Conquest of Mecca in 630 and ended with his death in 632. Muhammad led the Conquest of Mecca in Ramadan of the Islamic year 8 AH (corresponding to Dec. 629/Jan. 630). The Quraysh in Mecca was Muhammad’s final major rival in the Arabian Peninsula,...
Conquest Of Mecca The Conquest of Mecca ( فتح مكة, Fatḥ Makkah) was the capture of the town of Mecca by Muslims led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad on December 629 or January 630 AD (Julian), 10–20 Ramadan, 8 AH. The conquest marked the end of the wars between the followers of Muhammad and the Quraysh tribe. Dates Ancient sources vary as to the...
Treaty Of Hudaybiyyah The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (صلح الحديبية) was an event that took place during the formation of Islam. It was a pivotal treaty between the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, representing the state of Medina, and the Quraysh tribe of Mecca in March 628 (corresponding to Dhu al-Qi’dah, 6 AH)....
Battle Of The Trench The Battle of the Trench (غزوة الخندق, Ghazwat al-Khandaq), also known as the Battle of Khandaq (معركة الخندق, Ma’rakah al-Khandaq) and the Battle of the Confederates (غزوة الاحزاب, Ghazwat al-Ahzab), was a 27-day-long defense by Muslims of Yathrib (now Medina) from Arab and Jewish tribes. The strength of the confederate armies is estimated at around 10,000 men with...
