Outline Of Philosophy

The following outline (outline of philosophy) is provided as an overview of and topical guide to philosophy.

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as mysticism, myth, or religion) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. It involves logical analysis of language and clarification of the meaning of words and concepts.

The word “philosophy” comes from the Greek philosophia (φιλοσοφία), which literally means “love of wisdom“.

Philosophy The Discipline of Philosophy Existence Being Being and Existence Knowledge Value Reason Self Mind Love Wisdom Reality The Truth Meaningful life Secular Morality Sage (philosophy) Magical Thinking Nature in Philosophy Justice Phenomenon Philosophical Isms Teleology Well-being Intuition Criteria Of Truth

Existence of God Logos Essence Eternity The All Summum Bonum Monad in Philosophy Cosmological Argument Ontological Argument Five Ways (Aquinas’ The Quinque Viae) Ontological Argument Acatalepsy God is Dead Occam’s Razor Occasionalism Causality What Is “Ex Nihilo”? Who Created God? Given That God Created Everything, Who Created God? Divine Illumination Leap Of Faith Free Love Freethought

Just War Theory Problem of Hell Problem of Religious Language Religious Views on The Self Narcissism Human Nature Language And Thought Positivism and Rationalism Humanism And Love of Humanity Soul Dualism Mind–body Dualism Afterlife in Modern Philosophy Dialogue Pluralism in Philosophy Voluntarism In Philosophy Women in Philosophy Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism Omega Point Outline of Epistemology Outline of Humanism Outline of Metaphysics What is Enlightenment? What is Knowledge? What is Theism?

Fields of philosophy

The branches of philosophy are divided into the many fields of philosophy:

Aesthetics

Aesthetics is study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth

• Applied aesthetics – application of the philosophy of aesthetics to art and culture.
• Symbolism
• Romanticism
• Historicism
• Classicism
• Modernism
• Postmodernism
• Psychoanalytic theory

Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the source, nature and validity of knowledge. Central questions –

1. How is knowledge different from belief?
2. What can we know?
3. How does knowledge arise?
4. Can there be objective knowledge?

Coherentism Constructivist epistemology Contextualism Embodied cognition Empiricism Fallibilism Foundationalism Holism Infinitism

Innatism Internalism and externalism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology Objectivist epistemology Phenomenalism Positivism Reductionism

Reliabilism Representative realism Rationalism Situated cognition Skepticism Theory of Forms Transcendental idealism Uniformitarianism Jain Epistemology

Ethics

Ethics – study of the right, the good, and the valuable

• Applied ethics – philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life.
  • Decision ethics – ethical theories and ethical decision processes
  • Environmental ethics – studies ethical issues concerning the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including environmental law, environmental sociology, ecotheology, ecological economics, ecology and environmental geography.
    • Relationship Between Animal ethics And Environmental Ethics
  • Evolutionary ethics
  • Professional ethics – ethics to improve professionalism
    • Computer ethics – deals with how computing professionals should make decisions regarding professional and social conduct
      • Ethics of artificial intelligence – specific to robots and other artificially intelligent beings.
    • Research ethics – application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving research, including scientific research.
  • Bioethics – study of the typically controversial ethical issues emerging from new situations and possibilities brought about by advances in biology and medicine.
    • Medical ethics – ethics to improve basic health needs of humans
  • Business ethics – individual based morals to improve ethics in a business environment
  • Organizational ethics – ethics among organizations
  • Social ethics – ethics among nations and as one global unit
  • Ethical Naturalism
  • Conservation As Ethic
• Descriptive ethics – study of people’s beliefs about morality
• Normative ethics – study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act
  • Virtue ethics
  • Hedonism
  • Epicureanism
  • Consequentialism
  • Ethical egoism
  • Utilitarianism
  • Divine command theory
  • Anarchist ethics
  • Postmodern ethics
• Meta-ethics – branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments
  • Value in Ethics
  • Moral skepticism
• Religious ethics
  • Ethics in Religion
  • Code Of Ethics For Spiritual Guides
  • Christian Ethics
    • Ethics In The Bible
  • Islamic Ethics
  • Jewish Ethics
  • Ethics of Jainism
• Aristotelian Ethics
• Secular Ethics
• Altruism (ethics)
• Ethical Dualism
• Ethical Egoism
• Deontology
• Moral realism
• Moral relativism
• Error theory
• Non-cognitivism
• Cultural relativism
• Evolution of morality

Logic

Logic – the systematic study of the form of valid inference and reason. Ability to test arguments for logical consistency and understanding the logical consequences of certain assumptions.

Logic in Islamic Philosophy Propositional logic Predicate logic Modal logic Classical logic

Intermediate logic Intuitionistic logic Minimal logic Relevant logic Principle of Sufficient Reason

Affine logic Linear logic Ordered logic Dialetheism Sentience

Metaphysics

Metaphysics – traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it. Metaphysics attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest possible terms: “What is ultimately there?” and, “What is it like?”

• Ontology – philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
• Philosophy of mind – studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness, and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain.
• Philosophy of space and time – branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time.
• Philosophy of action – theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of a more or less complex kind. This area of thought has attracted the strong interest of philosophers ever since Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (Third Book).

Anti-realism Cartesian dualism Will (Philosophy) Free will General Will Materialism Meaning of life Absurdism Idealism Absolute Idealism Subjective Idealism Objective Idealism

Existentialism Libertarianism Determinism Naturalism Monism Compatibilism Platonic idealism Hindu idealism Phenomenalism Nihilism B-theory Of Time

Essentialism Realism Physicalism Relativism Scientific realism Solipsism Subjectivism Substance theory Type theory Emergentism Emanationism

Philosophy of language Speech Speech And Power Of Expression Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Deconstruction Direct reference theory Dramatism Expressivism Linguistic determinism Mediated reference theory Nominalism Non-cognitivism Phallogocentrism Quietism Relevance theory Semantic externalism Semantic holism Structuralism Supposition theory Symbiosism Theological noncognitivism Theory of descriptions Verification theory Philosophy of mind Behaviourism Biological naturalism Consciousness Disjunctivism Dualism Functionalism Identity theory Idealism Interactionism Materialism Monism Neutral monism Panpsychism Phenomenalism Phenomenology Physicalism Political philosophy Anarchism Authoritarianism Capitalism Conservatism Democracy Monarchism Nationalism Fascism Imperialism Liberalism Libertarianism Social democracy Socialism Maoism Chinese Marxist Philosophy Communism Progressivism Terrorism

Philosophy of science Confirmation holism Coherentism Constructivism Contextualism Conventionalism Deductive-nomological model Determinism Empiricism Fallibilism Foundationalism Hypothetico-deductive model Infinitism Instrumentalism Philosophy of artificial intelligence Positivism Pragmatism Rationalism Reductionism Semantic view of theories Scientific realism Scientism Scientific anti-realism Skepticism Philosophical Skepticism Religious Skepticism Uniformitarianism Natural Philosophy Vitalism Reactionary Social Darwinism Religious philosophy Buddhist Philosophy Buddhism and Western Philosophy Christian Philosophy Thomism Summa Theologica Yoga Philosophy Indian Philosophy Hindu philosophy Brahman Kapila’s Philosophy Islamic philosophy Early Islamic Philosophy Contemporary Islamic Philosophy Islam And Modern Western Philosophies Quran and Modern Science and Philosophy in Viewing Universe Muslim Philosophy Sufi Philosophy Jain Philosophy Jewish Philosophy Hasidic Philosophy Chinese Philosophy Confucianism Li (Confucianism) Taoism Mohism Iranian Philosophy Japanese Philosophy Veganism

Philosophy of religion Theories of religion Acosmism Agnosticism Animism Antireligion Atheism Agnostic Atheism Dharmism Deism Divine command theory Dualistic cosmology Esotericism Exclusivism Existentialism Christian Agnostic Atheist Feminist theology Fideism Fundamentalism Gnosticism Henotheism Humanism Religious Humanism Secular Humanism Christian Humanism Renaissance Humanism Inclusivism Monism Monotheism Mysticism Naturalism Naturalism In Philosophy Metaphysical Naturalism Religious Naturalism Humanistic Naturalism Spiritual Naturalism New Age Nondualism Nontheism Pandeism Pantheism Perennial Philosophy Polytheism Process theology Spiritualism Shamanism Taoic Theism Philosophical Theism Transcendentalism Transhumanism Other Meta-philosophy Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of law Philosophy of mathematics Philosophy of Happiness Philosophy of Love Philosophy of Self Philosophy of Music Environmental philosophy

History of philosophy

History of philosophy – study of philosophical ideas and concepts through time. Issues specifically related to history of philosophy might include (but are not limited to): How can changes in philosophy be accounted for historically? What drives the development of thought in its historical context? To what degree can philosophical texts from prior historical eras be understood even today?

See also: Metaphilosophy and Qur’anic Concept of History

Ancient philosophy Ancient Greek Philosophy Ancient Egyptian Philosophy Ancient Roman Philosophy Hellenistic Philosophy African Philosophy Aztec Philosophy Indigenous American Philosophy Sophism Epicureanism Platonism Aristotelianism Hermeticism Stoicism Buddhism Pythagoreanism Pyrrhonian skepticism Epicureanism (hedonism) Cynicism In Philosophy Hundred Schools of Thought Samkhya-Yoga Platonic realism Medieval philosophy Western philosophy Age of Enlightenment Renaissance philosophy Renaissance Vedanta Mahayana Neo-Confucianism Neoplatonism Neoplatonism And Christianity Kalam Scholasticism

Eastern philosophy Middle Eastern Philosophy Judeo-Islamic Philosophies Islamic philosophy Indian Philosophy Chinese Philosophy Taoist Philosophy Contemporary philosophy 19th-Century Philosophy 20th-century Philosophy Modern philosophy Analytic philosophy Continental philosophy Empiricism Existentialism German idealism Marxism Phenomenology Structuralism Post-structuralism Pragmatism Rationalism Utilitarianism Kyoto School Neo-Scholasticism New Confucianism Neo-Buddhism Neo-Vedanta Kokugaku Process Philosophy Korean Philosophy Juche Objectivism Objectivist Movement Orientalism Universalism

Philosophers

• Philosopher
• Outline of Philosophers
• Lists of Philosophers
• Timeline of Western philosophers
• Timeline of Eastern philosophers

We have collected some of the well-known philosophers so you can enjoy reading their life stories, thoughts, and contributions resolving existential questions about the human condition.

Al-Farabi  Al-Ghazali  Al-Kindi  Alan Watts  Albert Camus  Albert Einstein  Alfred North Whitehead  Aristotle  Arthur Schopenhauer  Auguste Comte  Augustine of Hippo Avicenna  Ayn Rand  Baruch Spinoza  Bertrand Russell  Blaise Pascal  Confucius  David Hume  Desiderius Erasmus  Emanuel Swedenborg  Émile Durkheim  Epicurus  Epikoros  Fakhr al-Din al-Razi  Francis Bacon  Friedrich Nietzsche

Galileo Galilei  Gautama Buddha  Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel  Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz  Hermes Trismegistus  Hippocrates  Hossein Nasr  Ibn Arabi  Ibn Khaldun  Ibn Rushd (Averroes)  Ibn Tufail  Immanuel Kant  Jean Jacques Rousseau  Jean-Paul Sartre  Jeremy Bentham  John Dewey  John Locke  John Searle  John Stuart Mill  John Wesley  Joseph Smith  Karl Marx  Karl Popper  Khalil Gibran  Lao Tzu  Laozi

Leo Tolstoy  M. Fethullah Gülen  Maimonides  Marcus Aurelius  Mencius  Mohandas Gandhi  Muhammad Iqbal  Niccolò Machiavelli  Noam Chomsky  Omar Khayyam  Plato  Pythagoras  René Descartes  Rumi  Suhrawardi  Sigmund Freud  Socrates  Stephen Hawking  Sun Tzu  Tao Thomas Aquinas  Thomas Carlyle  Thomas Henry Huxley  Thomas Hobbes  Xenophanes  Zoroaster

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The Socratic Problem Sufis, Philosophers, And Nanak Religious and Philosophical Views of Albert Einstein Theology Aristotelian Theology What is Enlightenment? What is Knowledge? Greek Philosophers And Aristophanes Peace Plans of Rousseau, Bentham, and Kant

Epicurus’ Principal Doctrines Tolstoy On The Law of Love Pacifism of Bertrand Russell and A. J. Muste The Scales of the Balance of Wisdom in Ancient Egyptian Sapiental Literature The Qur’an’s Wisdom and Human Philosophies Fruits of Quran’s Wisdom and Modern Scientific Thought and Philosophy

Philosophical literature

• Blackwell Companion to Philosophy
• A History of Western Philosophy by Bertrand Russell
• A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston

Reference works

• Encyclopedia of Philosophy – one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The second edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by Thomson Gale. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles.
• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee at Martin) and Bradley Dowden (Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Sacramento). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers.
• Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy – encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (ISBN 978-0415073103). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 scholarly articles.
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide.

See also

• Outline of philosophy of artificial intelligence
• List of important publications in philosophy
• List of philosophy awards
• Index of philosophy
• Index of philosophy of science articles
• Unsolved problems in philosophy

Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia